Sweden: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 1976, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2009

Sweden Has Allowed Gay Soldiers To Serve Since 1976; Banned Military From Disqualifying Recruits Due To Sexual Orientation In 1984. According to a General Accounting Office (GAO) report prepared in 1993, when the U.S. government was considering lifting the military's ban on gays serving:

Sweden modified its military policies over a period of 11 years before arriving at the current policy of not discriminating against homosexuals. The military had automatically exempted homosexuals from military service until 1976. In 1979, when the National Board of Health and Welfare removed homosexuality from its Classification of Illnesses Handbook, the military stopped considering homosexuality as an illness. The military, however, continued to annotate the file records of homosexual individuals. This practice was halted in 1984 when a Parliamentary commission concluded that homosexuality must not disqualify an individual from serving in the armed forces. In 1987, Sweden passed its law prohibiting discrimination against homosexuals. The law also applies to the armed forces. [pg. 8, GAO report, “Homosexuals in the Military: Policies and Practices of Foreign Countries,” June 1993]

Sweden Legalized Same-Sex Marriages In April 2009. On April 1, 2009, Sweden legalized same-sex marriage. From a BBC article published on April 2, 2009:

Parliament voted overwhelmingly on Wednesday to recognise same-sex marriage, becoming the fifth country in Europe to do so.

Sweden was one of the first countries to give gay couples legal “partnership” rights, in the mid-1990s, and allowed them to adopt children from 2002.

The new law lets homosexuals wed in either a civil or religious ceremony, though individual churches can opt out.

The law was passed by 226 votes to 22 and will come into force on 1 May. [BBC News, 4/2/09]

Norway: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 1979, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2008

Norway Has Allowed Gay Men And Lesbians To Serve Openly Since 1979. According to the book Gay Rights, Military Wrongs, published in 1996:

Two decades ago, the Netherlands became the first country to eliminate a formal policy of lesbian/gay exclusion from military service. Exclusion policies were also dropped or amended in...Norway in 1979. [p. 7, Gay Rights, Military Wrongs, edited by Craig A. Rimmerman, 1996]

Norway Legalized Same-Sex Marriage In June 2008. On June 11, 2008, Norway's parliament legalized same-sex marriage. From an Agence France Press article:

Norway's parliament on Wednesday adopted a new marriage law that allows homosexuals to marry and adopt children and permits lesbians to be artificially inseminated.

After a heated debate, the members of parliament adopted the text by a vote of 84 to 41.

[...]

Among other things, the new legislation replaces a so-called “partnership law” adopted in 1993 which gave Norwegian homosexuals the right to civil unions. [Agence France Presse, 6/11/08]

Spain: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 1985, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2005

Spain Allowed Gay Men And Lesbians To Serve Openly Starting In 1985. According to the 1993 GAO report, Spain revised its civilian laws in 1985 to allow gays to serve openly in their military. [pgs. 23-24, “Homosexuals in the Military: Policies and Practices of Foreign Countries,” June 1993]

Spain Legalized Same-Sex Marriage In June 2005. Spanish parliament approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage on June 30, 2005. According to an article in the Washington Post:

The vote was held after Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero unexpectedly took the floor of parliament to speak in its support. “We are expanding the opportunities for happiness of our neighbors, our colleagues, our friends and our relatives,” he said. “At the same time, we are building a more decent society.” [The Washington Post, 7/1/05]

Canada: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 1991, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2004

Canada Has Allowed Gay Men And Lesbians To Serve Openly Since Oct. 1992. According to the 1993 GAO report, Canada repealed its prohibition on gays in their military in October 1992. From the report:

Until recently the Canadian Forces prohibited homosexuals from serving in the military. Its former policy stated: Service policy does not allow homosexual members or members with a sexual abnormality to be retained in the Canadian Forces. The policy also required military personnel to report to their superiors other soldiers whom they suspected or discovered were homosexual. DND began to reevaluate its policy in 1986, and the policy was amended in 1988. In 1992, the Federal Court of Canada declared that the Canadian Forces' policies restricting the service of homosexuals were contrary to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result, the Canadian Forces revoked its policies and removed all restrictions on homosexuals. Civilian anti-discrimination laws now apply to the military. [pgs. 29-30, GAO report, “Homosexuals in the Military: Policies and Practices of Foreign Countries,” June 1993]

Canadian Supreme Court Ruled Same-Sex Marriages Constitutional In 2004; Canada Passed Same-Sex Marriage Bill In July 2005. Canada's Supreme Court declared same-sex marriages constitutional on December 9, 2004. According to a December 10, 2009 Washington Post article, “The court gave the go-ahead to Parliament to legalize gay marriage nationally” and noted that it would be “a step that has strong public support.” [The Washington Post, 12/10/09]

On July 20, 2005, Canada's legislature passed a bill granting full legal rights to same-sex couples. According to an article in The Globe and Mail:

Although the Tories in the Commons have promised to revive the issue on the hustings [on the stump], and in Parliament should they win election, a recent poll shows most Canadians do not want the pending law changed.

The poll, conducted for The Globe and Mail and CTV, showed that 55 per cent want the legislation to stand; 39 per cent want an attempt made to repeal it and 6 per cent are uncertain. [The Globe and Mail, accessed via Nexis, 7/20/05]

South Africa: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 1998, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2006

South Africa Has Allowed Gay Men And Lesbians To Serve Openly Since 1998. According to a Palm Center report called “Gays in Foreign Militaries 2010: A Global Primer”:

When the apartheid regime fell in 1994, the new democratic government committed itself to addressing human rights considerations, including the status of gays and lesbians. After the South African Constitution adopted a provision of non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in 1996, the South African military followed suit. In 1998, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) implemented an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action policy that formally declared that there would no longer be discrimination against gays and lesbians in the armed services and that the military was officially uninterested in the sexual orientation of any of its service members, gay or straight. [Palm Center, “Gays in Foreign Militaries 2010: A Global Primer,” February 2010]

South Africa Legalized Same-Sex Marriage In Nov. 2006. Same-Sex marriage became legal in South Africa on November 30, 2006. From the Washington Post:

South Africa on Thursday became the first country in Africa, and the fifth in the world, to legalize same-sex marriages.

The Civil Union Act went into effect a day ahead of a Dec. 1 deadline set by the country's Constitutional Court, which required that the marriage law be changed to ensure equality for gay men and lesbians. [The Washington Post, 12/1/06]

Argentina: Openly Gay Soldiers Since 2009, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2010

Argentina Has Allowed Gay Soldiers To Serve Openly Since March 2009. Argentina ended its prohibition on gays and lesbians serving openly on March 2, 2009. From a Huffington Post article written at the time:

Earlier this morning, the government of Argentina, an increasingly welcoming South American country when it comes to lesbians and gays, officially ended its prohibition on open service in the armed forces. Under the leadership of President Cristina Kirchner, the country rolled out a welcome mat for gay troops with an official policy of open service. "[W]ith this new system, gay men or lesbian women who wish to train in the forces should encounter no impediment, nor any military retaliation areas," AG Magazine reported today. [The Huffington Post, 3/2/09]

Argentina Legalized Same-Sex Marriage In July 2010. Argentina's legislature voted to legalize same-sex marriage on July 15, 2010. From The Washington Post:

It was 4:05 a.m. and frigid outside the Congress building in Buenos Aires as Argentine lawmakers voted Thursday to legalize same-sex marriage...

[...]

The Senate voted 33 to 27 in favor of the bill, which the lower house had approved in May with strong backing from President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The vote -- which also made Argentina the second country in the Americas, after Canada, to approve marriage for gay men and lesbians -- prompted thousands of supporters to whoop in the streets and shout, “We made history!” [The Washington Post, 7/16/10]

Belgium: Openly Gay Soldiers, Same-Sex Marriage Since 2003

Belgium Allows Gay Soldiers To Serve Openly, Limits Some Assignments. According to the 1993 GAO report:

Belgium has no laws or regulations regarding the service of homosexuals into the military. Embassy officials stated that in practice homosexuality does not constitute grounds for exclusion or dismissal from the Belgian armed forces unless there is evidence of a psychopathic disorder such as sexual perversion. During recruitment, the military does not ask an individual's sexual orientation. If homosexuality is discovered after enlistment, however, commanders may restrict the individual's duty assignments. For instance, limitations may be placed on the person's access to classified information, or the person may be excluded from certain tasks or units. In addition, we were told improper sexual conduct among members of the armed forces is not tolerated. [GAO report, “Homosexuals in the Military: Policies and Practices of Foreign Countries,” June 1993]

Only Portugal Allowed Same-Sex Marriage, But Did Not First Allow Gays To Serve Openly

Portugal Legalized Same-Sex Marriage In May 2010. Portugal's legislature passed a bill allowing same-sex marriage in January 2005, and conservative President Anibal Cavaco Silva announced he would sign the bill on May 15, 2010. From an article on CBSNews.com:

Portugal's conservative president announced Monday he is reluctantly ratifying a law allowing gay marriage, making the predominantly Catholic country the sixth in Europe to let same-sex couples wed.

President Anibal Cavaco Silva said he would not veto the bill because majority liberal lawmakers would only overturn his decision. The country must focus instead on battling a crippling economic crisis that has increased unemployment and deepened poverty, he said.

[...]

Portugal lifted a prohibition on homosexuality in the early 1980s. In 2001, it passed a law allowing “civil unions” between same-sex couples, which granted couples certain legal, tax and property rights. However, it did not allow couples to take a partner's name, nor inherit his or her possessions or state pension. [CBSNews.com, 5/17/10]

Portugal Does Not Currently Allow Gays To Serve Openly In The Military. The February 2010 Palm Center report said, “Presently 25 nations allow open gays to serve in their militaries, including all the original NATO countries besides Portugal, Iceland and the U.S.” [Palm Center Report, “Gays In Foreign Militaries,” 2/2010]